History

Georges Clemenceau: France

Makers of the Modern World: The peace conferences of 1919-23 and their aftermath
by David Robin Watson

The Anglo-Saxon view of Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929) is based on John Maynard Keynes’s misjudged caricature, that he had imposed a treaty that was harsh and oppressive of Germany. French critics’ view, however, is that he had been too lenient, and left Germany in a position to challenge the treaty...

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The Buddha and Dr. Führer

An Archaeological Scandal
by Charles Allen

In January 1898 a British landowner, William Claxton Peppé, excavated a large Buddhist brick stupa on his estate close to India’s border to Nepal. This news aroused world-wide interest, not least in the Buddhist World, since no other so well authenticated relics of the Buddha had ever been found. But almost immediately it became known, that a German archaeologist, Dr Anton Führer, working nearby at the same time had not only made bogus claims and faked his results but had also been associated with the dig.

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Mannerheim

President, Soldier, Spy
by Jonathan Clements

Baron Gustaf Mannerheim was one of the greatest figures of the 20th century and the only man to be decorated by both sides in both World Wars.

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Karl Renner: Austria

Makers of the Modern World: The peace conferences of 1919-23 and their aftermath
by Jamie Bulloch

The Socialist politician Karl Renner (1870–1950) was head of the government that took power in Vienna after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He lead the delegation to Paris, which had to face the difficult issue of reparations and war guilt, for which the Allies held the successor states to the Empire responsible. Fortunately, Renner was a likeable man and a realist, and the Austrian delegation became quite popular in Paris.

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From the Sultan to Atatürk: Turkey

Makers of the Modern World: The peace conferences of 1919-23 and their aftermath
by Andrew Mango

Published on the anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne on 24th July. “Not an inch is to be surrendered' Ataturk said 'until it is drenched with the blood of our citizens”.

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Price: £10.40